Monday, December 30, 2019

Taking a Look at Capital Punishment - 1080 Words

Since 1608, legal systems have used capital punishment as justice. â€Å"As of November 2014, 32 states have the death penalty. There have been a total of 1348 executions from January 1977 to the end of 2014† (capitalpunishmentuk). The capital punishment only affects those who sentenced in the crime of rape or murder. The most popular death method is lethal injection. There are other options such as â€Å"electrocution, hanging, shooting, and the gas chamber† (capitalpunishmentuk) but theses alternative options are used very rarely. Honorable disagreement, unproductive deterrence, and debatable constitution laws are among many undisputable arguments framed against the death penalty. Thus leaving humanity to want the capital punishment eliminated. Capital punishment is basically assisted suicide. State and Federal prisons should not have the power to take a human’s life. The American Civil Liberties Union expresses, â€Å" It is immoral in ‘principal, and u nfair and discriminatory is practice . . . no one deserves to die.† Murder is sinful in all ways no matter how you specify it. The Jewish Social Policy Action Network disfavors capital punishment in our time today, â€Å"Our position is compelled by a moral imperative, our belief that the death penalty is immoral . . .that it is at odds with our bests traditions.† The Bible states that death should be held accountable for all victims who pledged guilty for murder; the bible was made 3500 years ago. Humanity is flourishing; we can not relyShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Capital Punishment1003 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is a topic highly debated upon. For years the court systems have been debating whether the criminals deserve this strict punishment or not. However, despite the verdict from the judge, people have still been divided on whether capital punishment does more harm than good. A major subject that comes up is if the government has a justifiable r eason for killing convicted people. Some only look at the negative but there are plenty of reasons why this is a positive action. Capital punishmentRead MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment677 Words   |  3 Pagesdeath penalty for alleged criminals in the United States needs to change because there is an unacceptable number of posthumous exonerations, and a negative generational impact on the family of the accused. The death penalty is a common method of capital punishment in the United States, used mainly for serious crimes such as murder. Currently, there are five different authorized methods of execution in this country: hanging, electrocution, lethal gas, firing squad, and lethal injection. Of these five,Read MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment1004 Words   |  4 PagesFurman had four main arguments: most western nations had abolished capital punishment because it was an unsuccessful way to deter crime; juries only handed out about 100 death penalties each year, and only about 50 prisoners were sentenced to death so capital punishment was not being issued objectively; national prison records stated that executions almost always involved black prisoners; and the only reason why capital punishment had not been abolished in the United States is because legislaturesRead MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment606 Words   |  2 PagesWould you rather want the murderer of your loved one to have a capital punishment or do you want them to spend their entire life in a prison cell? That question raises a lot of controversy to the public because of the capital punishment. To prevent criminals from killing they are given a capital punishment who has committed horrendous crimes to satisfy oneself, but many people think that criminals shouldnt be given death penalty because it decreases the value of life. In the article â€Å"Death andRead MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment2178 Words   |  9 PagesCapital punishment also known as the death penalty is a sentence which requires the use of deadly force on high risk inmates. This form of punishment has become a controversial topic for many debates. 58 nations are currently using capital punishment in their justice systems, 97 countries have decided to abolish it completely. Canada decided to abolish capital punishment from the Canadian Criminal Code in 1976, and many argue whether the abolishment had any positive outcom e on Canada’s justice systemRead MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment764 Words   |  3 PagesDeath penalty is also known as capital punishment. Capital Punishment is a penalty of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime. The death penalty was established in America in 1608. The British influenced America to use the death sentence. The first recorded practice of the death penalty in America was to Caption George Kendall in Virginia, he was found guilty of being a spy for Spain. However, the death penalty came long before Captain George Kendall. The first establishedRead MoreCessation of Life: Who are we to choose?- A look into the Death Penalty686 Words   |  3 Pages The topic of capital punishment is a hot one. Human beings are capable of doing some monstrous things. For a victim of a heinous crime, sometimes the only justice seems to be an eye for an eye. And most of the time those victims look to our court systems to provide that justice. But is death the answer? I believe that with human fallibility and the fallibility of our court system as variables, that a sentence that cannot be overturned should not be passed down in any case, especially when thatRead MoreA Hanging By George Orwell1141 Words   |  5 Pagesconvey his argument against capital punishment. Orwell as an officer of the law is sworn to enforce the laws of the state, even if he disagrees with them morally. Orwell wrote â€Å"A Hanging† using an event he acted in to describe his point on why capital punishment is a crime against nature. Although as a police man he could not oppose the law, his story â€Å"A Hanging†, Orwell shows his opposition through many s ymbolic forms. Like Orwell I too am against capital punishment, by writing â€Å"A Hanging† GeorgeRead More Capital Punishment Essay - Justice in Retribution1470 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment: Justice in Retribution       The American government operates in the fashion of an indirect democracy. Citizens live under a social contract whereby individuals agree to forfeit certain rights for the good of the whole. Punishments for crimes against the state are carried out via due process, guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The use of capital punishment is decided by the state, which is legal in thirty-seven states. It is a moral imperative to protect the states rightsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Capital Punishment906 Words   |  4 PagesWhen talking about social injustices, capital punishment is the worst one of all. It is the final straw of any government sanctioned disciplinary action. There is no going back, no reversing or patching up mistakes. When a government makes the decision to exact capital punishment on someone, that’s it. They can no longer redeem themselves, atone for their sins, and try to contribute to society in a good, well-mannered way because they will no longer exist i n this world. This act of ‘justice’ is clearly

Sunday, December 22, 2019

The Violation Of Verbal Reprimand Essay - 1730 Words

setup), told what improvements are necessary, and expected to correct any performance deficiencies. A record of the notice of the verbal reprimand will be made and retained in the employee s personnel file. Written Reprimand The second step is a written reprimand. This reprimand will describe the unacceptable conduct or performance of the employee and specify needed changes or improvements. A copy of the written reprimand is to be signed and dated by the employee and will be retained in the employee s personnel file. Suspension Suspension of the employee s employment may, at the sole discretion of the Practice, be used as a third step. The length of the suspension will vary based upon such factors as the severity of the offense, the employee s performance, and the employee s disciplinary record. An employee may be suspended for repeated instances of minor misconduct, failure to conform his conduct or performance to the standards of his position, or for a single serious offense. A record of the suspension will be retained in the employee s personnel file. Termination The final step in the disciplinary procedure is the termination of the employee. If an employee fails to modify his conduct or performance to the standards required by the Practice, the Practice, in its sole discretion, may terminate the employee s employment. Notwithstanding this progressive disciplinary procedure policy, the Practice reserves the right to administer discipline in such a manner asShow MoreRelatedMissed Appointments And Cancellation List1709 Words   |  7 Pagesthat everyone understands the importance of safety. This program requires all of us to exercise good judgment and common sense in our day-to-day work. Horseplay and practical jokes can cause accidents and injuries and, therefore, are prohibited. Violation of these or similar rules may lead to discipline, up to and including immediate termination. Obviously, this list is not all-inclusive and there may be other circumstances for which employees could be disciplined or terminated. If you have any questionsRead MoreGuidelines For Correct Unsafe Behavior Of An Employee1155 Words   |  5 Pagesprogram, work rules, and other policies and procedures, including reporting injuries and illnesses, may result in the following action: 3.1 Safety Violations other than flagrant 3.1.1 First Offense†¦Verbal Reprimand, to be noted in employee’s personnel file. 3.1.2 Second Offense†¦Written Reprimand Offender’s Foreman (Supervisor) may face reprimand as well if there is reason to believe that the Forman neglected to monitor and enforce safe work practices. 3.1.3 Third Offense†¦Disciplinary actionRead MoreCommand Discretion Recommendation : Law For Air Force Officers Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesstay with a friend for a few days. TSgt Savage is very hard-working and takes good care of the 12 airmen he is charge of. He is set to deploy next month and was anticipating the extra money that came with hazard pay and tax exempt status. 3. UCMJ Violations: There is no evidence that TSgt Savage violated any articles of the UCMJ. Therefore, I do not recommend an Article 15, or any punishments associated with the UCMJ. 4. OPTIONS: There are several courses of action that can be taken regarding administrativeRead MoreJuvenile Sentencing974 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile court judges often have broad discretion to fashion a sentence or rehabilitation program that fits the needs of the minor. A disposition order may include options other than confinement, including: Verbal warning. The sentence for the juvenile can be as simple as a verbal reprimand. Fine. The minor may be required to pay a fine to the government or pay compensation to the victim. Counseling. Often, judges require juveniles to attend counseling as part of a disposition order. CommunityRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of The United States1350 Words   |  6 Pagesif we backpedal, and apply the benefits of hindsight in hopes of avoiding future similar tragedies, maybe awareness of measures that could have been taken will be of benefit. Civil confinement can present an ethical dilemma as it can be viewed as violation of autonomy in the form of consent and decision-making capacity. Decision-making capacity involves a medical determination evaluating whether an individual is capable of making decisions relating to current issues. Conscious adults are consideredRead MoreThe Case Of Theft And Simple Assault Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagesusing the standard of preponderance of the evidence. In a criminal hearing they use beyond a reasonable doubt for determining guilt. When it comes to sentencing, the judge is limited in options in a juvenile hearing. They can be punished by a verbal reprimand, probation, restorative justice, non-secure custody, or a juvenile c ustodial facility. In a criminal hearing, they have more option including up to the death penalty. An adult can be sentenced to be incarcerated with other adults and the judgeRead MoreEthical Decision Making For Military Leaders1714 Words   |  7 PagesEve that violation of the second commandment would result in their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. After Eve was tempted and beguiled by the Devil, she ate the forbidden fruit. Due to Eve’s disobedience to the second commandment, God cast her out of the Garden, ultimately resulting in a potential permanent physical separation of Adam and Eve. Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden made it imposable for Adam to obey the first commandment. Therefore eating the forbidden fruit, in violation of theRead MorePolice Brutality1519 Words   |  7 Pagesthat violates a persons human and civil rights. These violations are seen nationwide to the minority community and are committed by various police officers that fail to re ceive punishment for their action. The Civil Rights Act â€Å"provides protection to those persons wronged by the misuse of power, possessed by the virtue of state law and made [it] possible only because the wrongdoer is clothed with the authority of state law†. There is a violation of the fourth amendment when innocent people become victimsRead MoreThe Management of Employee Discipline3158 Words   |  13 Pagesrules of conduct in the performance or their assigned tasks in the organization. Systems of work values are instruments to ensure conformity to such a set of standards. It is a means of correcting reforming employees committing any infractions or violation of rules and regulations. When employees go astray and violate some organizational policies and rules, reformation is a mean to correct the attitude and behaviour that could be detrimental to the progress of the organization. Reformation is not punishmentRead MoreDesign Of Training And Programs For New Supervisors For Your Company1131 Words   |  5 Pageslimited to written or verbal warnings leading up to dismissal. The following is an example of the disciplinary process for a violation of work rule. The rule provide in the employee handbook states that employees must notify their management at least an hour prior to the start of their shift if they will not be able to work any of their shift. Employee absenteeism will be disciplined. †¢ First offence - Verbal warning with a written record †¢ Second Offence – Written reprimands †¢ Third Offence – Suspension

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Harvard Business School Case Solution Free Essays

CEO Assignment #1 Bank Analysis – Decomposition of ROE FIN 420 – Bank Management Summary: Utilizing data contained within the Uniform Bank Performance Report (UBPR) of a local bank, decompose the company’s 12/31/11 financial performance as well as information for its peer group. Analyze the results. Available Banks:Bank of Holland Grand River Bank Mercantile Bank Macatawa Bank Format:Part #1 – Obtaining Information †¢ Obtain bank financial information from UBPR †¢ Complete decomp Excel worksheet †¢ Compare bank financial information to peer group †¢ Calculate ROA, ROE, and several bank ratios based on data Part #2 – Analyzing Information †¢ What were the three largest differences between your Bank and its peer group in the core ROE decomposition analysis? †¢ How did the drivers (#1-3) help to understand the ROE decomposition? †¢ Are there any drivers that could provide a better understanding of the Bank’s performance? †¢ What was the largest surprise about your Bank in relation to its performance and comparison to peer group? †¢ Identify three strategic initiatives that the Bank CEO could implement to improve performance? Identify the benefits of such initiatives but also the related costs to implement these initiatives. We will write a custom essay sample on Harvard Business School Case Solution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sources:https://cdr. ffiec. gov/public/ManageFacsimiles. aspx 1) Select â€Å"Uniform Bank Performance Report† under the â€Å"Report† drop down menu 2) Type the name of the bank you select under â€Å"Institution Name† Hand in:1) ROE Decomposition Excel Worksheet 2) Memo to the CEO of the Bank you analyzed addressing the questions contained in part #2 above. Memo is to be no longer than two pages (0. 75 inch margins, font 11, Times New Roman). All charts/tables should be included in appendices at the end of the two page memo. DUE DATE: September 24, 2012 (beginning of class)* *Late assignments will be penalized 10% per day How to cite Harvard Business School Case Solution, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Successful Entrepreneurs Ventures Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Successful Entrepreneurs' Ventures. Answer: Introduction The concept of entrepreneurship is not an idea of management, but it can reside in the zeitgeist of contemporary culture as well. An entrepreneur is a person who manages an enterprise with an initiative of his/her own. The starting of entrepreneurship is not a sudden occurrence; it starts in their brain since long. The risk is an integral part of entrepreneurship as it is a brave venture against the financial security. The idea of business must be innovative and assessment of customers' needs should be there. In this essay, three successful entrepreneurs' ventures will be described and analysed. Moreover, the entrepreneurs' success, failure, motivation, external and internal factors of doing a business will be explained. Airbnb: Airbnb is an entrepreneurship venture started in the year 2008, August in San Francisco. This venture is now served globally dealing in hospitality and online marketplace. This is internet based venture and this can be accessed through the company website and mobile application system. Airbnb helps people to take a short-term lodging for holiday purposes, vacation rentals, hotels, home-stays and apartment rentals (Airbnb.com, 2017). However, Airbnb does not own any lodging; they just act as a broker or third party service between hosts and guests. This company takes a percentage or fees in each booking. Airbnb business venture started with an email that was sent by Joe Gebbia to Brian Chesky. At that time, both of the founders had no job and they were unemployed. They were looking for extra cash. During this time, all hotel rooms were booked and no room was available in San Francisco. Both of them decided to buy a few airbeds and gave their rooms in rent. In the following morning, they made a website named Air Bed and Breakfast. They decided to charge the room $8p per night. One Indian man took the room with other three. Then, Harvard graduate Nathan Blecharczyk managed to join them. Three of them made another website at NXSW in the year 2008 (Businessinsider.in, 2017). However, in initial stage, they had only two users of the website. In the later stage, they went to meet investors; however, the investors were not convinced. Fifteen angel investors and eight other investors rejected their idea. They met Y Combinator and this startup accelerator invested with funding. The three guys started visiting places and took photographs of hosts. Lastly, in the year 2009, they launched Airbnb. It was clear that Joe Gebbia and Brian Chesky followed their instinct to make money from the business. However, they did not want to do the job and started their own business and that could give them flexibility in working. Brian Chesky shared his academic background was industrial relation and it taught him to design the product. His learning in his academic life helped him to grow in the business. The external factor of the political condition of U.S at that time was stable and people needed more hotels with cheap price. During Obamas election campaign, the website was not getting popularity, so, they decided to sell cereal boxes in the street. This marketing strategy gave them $30,000 into their account. In later time, in Denver, people needed rooms for staying during election and they used their website to attract customers. Moreover, they did not have employment during the beginning phrase. They needed investors to invest in their ventures. Their great idea and proper timing to do business lastly became successful. In the previous time, this type of online platforms was there (such as Windu), however, they added their innovation that played a role to attract the hosts and guests. They developed an online mobile app that allowed the users to book their home stays at any places. They could not evade the law of market and they snatched success by serving the consumers. Creativity and innovation in product helped them to grab the success. However, the venture faced challenges of invest funding and making the people aware of their business. Their activity of making the business was not easy as they need funding and information about hosts places. The first act of making the business in hospitality sector without having prior experience brought them success. The hospitality sector is always viable and people invest money in this sector for accommodation. The same product that lacked the people interest traditionally gave attributes with alternative benefits over time and it must create disequilibrium in the market, this concept of disruptive innovation gave success to Airbnb (Guttentag, 2015). Secondly, they found investment, however, in a first few cases; they did not get any investment. They did not lose hope. Lastly, Sequoia Capital invested $600,000 in Airbnb. The founders had capabilities of human and social expertise with perception to use the creative resources and they used the market opportunity (Zolbanin Zadeh, 2017). Later, in 2011, they expand the business in internal sector, first in Germany. Creation of value is important and the founders started to click pictures of their host accommodation places of their own. They used smoke and carbon monoxide detectors in the rooms of hosts to ensure safety. Most importantly, their dedication, perseverance and hope played a major role. The founders of the Airbnb worked both for in engaging in arbitrage and innovation to add features in their venture. Zambrero: Zambrero is an Australian based restaurant chain that served Mexican food to the consumers. This venture was first started in the year 2005 in Canberra (Zambrero.com, 2017). Sam Prince was the founder of the food chain and he himself is a medical practitioner. While he was studying as a medical student, he worked in a Mexican restaurant. At the age of 21, he started his new business venture for noble cause. He uses his business money to help the needy people, donate his money to good purposes. He has given 14 million meals to the developing world. Sam Prince is an industrialist, humanitarian and his focal point is societal work. Sam Prince was an immigrant from Sri Lanka to Australia. Since his childhood, he has been feeling a sense of inspiration to help the poor and needy class. However, this must be the internal motivation for him to establish his start-up. His parents always inspired him to help the poor section and young people. Brother of Sams mother had died because they did not have money to cure him. Sam thought that he should do something for poverty stricken class as cultural impacts affect the entrepreneurial activities (News.com.au, 2017). As a doctor, he knows his roles as human beings and his fundamental responsibilities. Sam followed many successful people in his life in order to become one of them. He reads voraciously and kind of books In addition, the external factor of the economic condition of developing countries, Sam feels pity for the poor people. Sam wanted to do something for the global economic condition of the poor and distress people. Apart from economic factors, sociocultural factors of immigrant people, Sam wanted to do something for the education of people, healthcare and human rights. Moreover, he started his business with $17,000 and now its net worth $294 million having stores in New Zealand, Australia, Hong Kong, Ireland and other places (Theaustralian.com.au, 2017). First, Social-entrepreneurship is a type of busies where entrepreneurs use speedy method of using consumerism with meagre quality (Cullen, Johnson Parboteeah, 2014). Helping-mentality for poor and needy class, he wanted to start his entrepreneurship and donated his money for creating reasonable employment and to provide standard living to people. Moreover, he worked in the emergency department in the hospital and understood the needs of the people in case of emergency. Sam believes that one must have the same rigour in running a business as an aid-organisation also. Second, Sam believes that before doing any work, one must have an understanding of it. Thus, he met many people who are successful, he has read many books. Uses the help of scrutinising the statistics and computing helped Sam to analyse the data of marketing. As environmental factors and policymakers impact the entrepreneurial activities, he collected knowledge about the market and industry condition (Galindo Mndez, 2014). Third, as stated by Griffiths, Gundry Kickul (2013), entrepreneurs are shown to give value on nonfinancial measures, these include job satisfaction, autonomy, social causes, work-life balance and these provide emphases on value creation and exploitation of market. Sam's entrepreneur activities gave sustained competitive advantage and to enter market equilibrium. Qantas Qantas Airways is Australias largest airline. However, it is the third oldest airlines in the world. This organisation was established in the year 1920; however, it started its operation in the year 1921 (Qantas.com, 2017). It was started by Hudson Fysh, Paul McGinness, Fergus McMaster and Arthur Baird. McGinness along with Fysh made understand McMaster about their plan of air service. They fired with enthusiasm and they started investment. It was established after the World War I. Technological innovation of aeroplanes that time lured the founders to start an airline company. That time, the founders of the airlines found that growth of airlines has steady growth. The internal motivations of the founders were new emerging airlines industry. The organisation was founded in Queensland. The first aircraft of the organisation was Avro 540K. The first movement of aeroplane was from Longreach to Brisbane. External motivations of the founders were a political condition of the nation as the nations were that time under World War I (Chang, Park, Jeong Lee, 2014). The internal motivation of value creation and self-motivation to create something new aggravated their idea to open a business in the new industry. The founders had the motivation to do something out-of-box and exploring something new enthralled them. As stated by Sarina Wright (2015), entrepreneurial value creation can be done through entrepreneurial understanding of micro-level (group and individual) and macro-level (strategy, theory and policy). First, the activity of brainstorming the business plan made the successful as founders of Qantas made a tie up with Imperial Airways in Britain to form a new company. The founders of Qantas always started to explore another stone in business with new opportunity and new adventure (Galindo Mendez, 2014). Second, the entrepreneurs should know the concept of market opportunity and discovery of consumers perception (Cullen, Johnson Parboteeah, 2014). Operation of changing the means of transport in the uncertain environment was the motto of the Qantas founders and they started to work under domestic network. In the beginning, Qantas provided the passenger services, mail courier services and doctors services. Third, the successful activity of next marketing move was fruitful for the business ventures of Qantas founders as innovation is necessary for any start-up. The founders started its business to work on the international basis. Venturing overseas was a fruitful result for Qantas. Conclusion Entrepreneurs have innovative mind and have background knowledge of service or products they offer. Successful entrepreneurs realise that focusing on specific services or goods is necessary to set the target market. Entrepreneur people have various kinds of external and internal factors that motivate them to start a venture. In case of Airbnb, need for money and employment made the start the venture. However, in case of Zambrero, Sam wanted to help the poor and needy people and started a million dollars organisation. Same is true for Qantas although this organisation was established in long ago. References A fast food education. (2017).Theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/business/a-fast-food-education-sam-prince/news-story/2a88a404259ace361c122e85c725af20 Airbnb "ramen-profitable.". (2017).Business Insider. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.businessinsider.in/How-3-guys-turned-renting-an-air-mattress-in-their-apartment-into-a-25-billion-company/A-month-later-Airbnb-finally-picked-up-a-600000-seed-investment-from-Sequoia-Capital-in-April-2009-Chesky-describes-it-as-going-from-only-eating-leftover-cereal-to-ramen-profitable-/slideshow/51114256.cms Australia 2017: Top 20 Holiday Lettings Australia, Holiday Rentals Apartments - Airbnb Australia. (2017). Airbnb. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.airbnb.com/s/Australia Chang, Y.T., Park, H.S., Jeong, J.B. Lee, J.W., (2014). Evaluating economic and environmental efficiency of global airlines: A SBM-DEA approach.Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment management,27, 46-50. Cullen, J. B., Johnson, J. L., Parboteeah, K. P. (2014). National rates of opportunity entrepreneurship activity: Insights from institutional anomie theory.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(4), 775-806. Galindo, M. ., Mndez, M. T. (2014). Entrepreneurship, economic growth, and innovation: Are feedback effects at work?.Journal of Business Research,67(5), 825-829. Griffiths, M. D., Gundry, L. K., Kickul, J. R. (2013). The socio-political, economic, and cultural determinants of social entrepreneurship activity: An empirical examination.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,20(2), 341-357. Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector.Current issues in Tourism,18(12), 1192-1217. Homsombat, W., Lei, Z. Fu, X., 2014. Competitive effects of the airlines-within-airlines strategyPricing and route entry patterns.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,63, 1-16. News.com.au (2017). Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/how-young-rich-lister-sam-prince-built-the-zambrero-fast-food-empire/news-story/67f37140c5d399dfec7acd4501f57d6 Pad, T. (2017).The Airbnb Founder Story: From Selling Cereals To A $25B Company.Get Paid For Your Pad. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://getpaidforyourpad.com/blog/the-airbnb-founder-story/ Sarina, T., Wright, C. F. (2015). Mutual gains or mutual losses? Organisational fragmentation and employment relations outcomes at Qantas Group.Journal of Industrial Relations,57(5), 686-706. Small Beginnings | Qantas. (2017).Qantas.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/history-beginning/global/en Zambrero. (2017). Zambrero.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.zambrero.com Zolbanin, H., Zadeh, A. H. (2017). Data Analytics for Digital Entrepreneurship: A Case Study on Airbnb. International journal of entrepreneurship. 29(2), 23-34

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Automobile Industry in India Essay Essay Example

Automobile Industry in India Essay Essay Chennai histories for 60 % of the country’s automotive exports. In melody with international criterions to cut down vehicular pollution. the cardinal authorities unveiled the criterions titled ‘India 2000’ in 2000 with later upgraded guidelines as ‘Bharat Stage’ . These criterions are rather similar to the more rigorous European criterions and have been traditionally implemented in a phased mode. with the latest upgrade acquiring implemented in 13 metropoliss and subsequently. in the remainder of the state. The Automotive Industry has flourished in Pune Region in Maharashtra. What were the particular conditions were at that place for this development. Still Indian autos are non considered as a category in itself compared to European autos. India’s strong technology base and expertness in the fabrication of low-cost. fuel-efficient autos has resulted in the enlargement of fabricating installations of several car companies like Hyundai. Nissan. Toyota. Volkswagen and Maruti Suzuki In recent old ages. India has emerged as a taking centre for the industry of little autos. Indian trade names: AMW ( Asiatic motor works- Commersial vehicles ) . Eicher Motors ( tractors. Buss. constituents ) . Force ( Bajaj Tempo ) . Hindustan motors ( Birla. Ambassador auto. Joint venture with Mitsubishi ) . Premier ( Padmini. Moved from Mumbai to Pune ) . Tata. Mahindra. BharatBenz. We will write a custom essay sample on Automobile Industry in India Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Automobile Industry in India Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Automobile Industry in India Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Per capita incursion at around nine autos per 1000 people is among the lowest in the universe. While the industry is extremely capital intensifier in nature in instance of four-wheelers. capital strength is a batch less for two-wheelers. Though three-wheelers and tractors have low barriers to entry in footings of engineering. four Wheelers is engineering intensive. Costss involved in branding. distribution web and spare parts handiness addition entry barriers. With the Indian market traveling towards following with planetary criterions. capital outgo will lift to take into history future safety ordinances. Car big leagues increase profitableness by selling more units. As figure of units sold additions. mean cost of selling an incremental unit comes down. This is because the industry has a high fixed cost constituent. This is the cardinal ground why operating efficiency through increased localisation of constituents and maximising end product per employee is of significance. Maruti Suzuki. which is the market leader in PVs. had to cover with labour work stoppages at its works at Manesar as a consequence of which production was badly hit. As gasoline monetary values firmed up. the derived function between gasoline and Diesel widened. Therefore. there was a rush in demand for diesel autos. Most companies faced force per unit area at the operating degree as borders declined due to lift in input costs. Steep depreciation of the rupee besides took its toll. Tractors: While good monsoon is a positive for the sector. given the fact that non-farm incomes have continued to mount up. volumes should still keep up good in the longer run despite a twelvemonth or two of hapless monsoons. denationalization of choice province conveyance projects bodes good for the coach section.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Entropy vs. Atrophy

Entropy vs. Atrophy Entropy vs. Atrophy Entropy vs. Atrophy By Mark Nichol Entropy is the uncertainty or disorder in a system. In a technical sense, it is the gradual breakdown of energy and matter in the universe; in casual usage, it refers to degradation or disorder in any situation, or to chaos, disorganization, or randomness in general. The stem -tropy, from the Greek word trope, means â€Å"change† or â€Å"turn.† It’s easily confused with a similar-sounding but unrelated word: atrophy, which refers to physical or psychological decline: Atrophy, which serves as a verb as well, stems from the Greek word trephein, which means â€Å"to nourish†; the prefix a- indicates antonymic form, as in apolitical or atheism. Atrophy can also mean poor development or loss of a part of an animal or plant, and in that sense it’s related to dystrophy, which in general refers to a condition resulting from poor nutrition, though it’s more familiar as part of the phrase â€Å"muscular dystrophy†; that, by contrast, identifies a hereditary disease that results in wasting away of muscle tissue. Trophy, however, meaning â€Å"a prize† or â€Å"a memorial,† is despite the ph spelling from trope, not trephein. (It evolved from a second sense of trope as â€Å"a rout, a victory.†) It’s related, therefore, to the English word trope, which refers to a figure of speech or a clichà © (a â€Å"turn† of phrase); the primary sense of that word is â€Å"a device or theme,† as in a common and perhaps trite plot element in a war movie or a tearjerker. Trop- features at the head of other words, too: tropic, referring to the two parallel lines of latitude that cross over the tropics, and tropism, which means â€Å"a tendency, inclination, or propensity.† The syllable also appears in numerous medical and scientific terms, such as autotropism and somatotropin. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"How to Punctuate Descriptions of Colors20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Sustainability and population density Dissertation

Sustainability and population density - Dissertation Example The chief issue in such a situation is the creation of effective governance by the various State authorities that must necessarily work towards maintaining a sustainable development (SD) program, and apply adequate restraints on the human demand for natural resources, in order to protect the natural supply. 1.1 Sustainable development Sustainable development  (SD) refers to use of natural resources that aims at satisfying human needs, while safeguarding the  environment,  in order to create a developmental plan that aims that aims at meeting not only the requirements of the present generation but also that of the future generations. The term sustainable development was first coined by the  Brundtland Commission,  which defined it as the word as "which implies meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (United Nations, 42/187 Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987; WCED, 1987). Fig 1: Sustainable Development: Components, Scenarios, Consequences, this diagram shows the path of sustainable development that creates a link between the past, present, and future generations (Winograd and Farrow, 2002, 4). ... Sustainable development links the concerns that arise out of  bearing the total capacity  of  the natural resources  along with social pressures. In 1970, we find that the term "sustainability" was used to characterize an  economy  that was "in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems" (Stivers, 1976). SD can be divided into three basic parts:  environmental  protection,  social  sustainability, and economic progress (fig 2). Fig 2: A Visual Representations of Sustainable Development through pillars and circles, showing the three basic components (Adams, 2006, 2). Sustainable development is a quantitative variable and can be measured through observations on how well a community is adhering to the needs and conjectures of the present and future citizens. There are various indicators to measure the SD within a community. 1.2 Sustainability indicators Indicators are essential part of any process that helps to evaluate how much of the work done has achieved t he desired target, while also indicating how much work remains to be done. An appropriate indicator makes one aware of an existing problem, and helps to assess the various measures to fix the problem. Indicators of a sustainable development refer to the areas that form a weak connection between environmental protection, economic development, and social sustainability. Sustainability indicators reflect the close interrelation that exists between the three different dimensions for SDs, which are represented in the figure below: Fig 3: A diagram showing the close interactions between environment, the economy, and social sustainable measures of SD (Sustainable Measures, What is an indicator of sustainability? 2010). As seen in the above diagram the environmental or natural

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

The Importance of Performance Related Pay in Motivating Employees Research Proposal

The Importance of Performance Related Pay in Motivating Employees - Research Proposal Example There has been several studies on the same topic; however, the findings are varied. Nonetheless, most of the researches that investigated the same area revealed that in longer run performance-related pay (PRP) is not motivating for the employees (Boachie-Mensah and Dogbe, 2011; Forest, 2008; Marsden et al., 2000; Perry et al, 2009). The researches quoted the reason for demotivating effects of PRP as biased appraisal systems and its effects on employees who are not benefited from PRP techniques. These findings are accomplished by several researchers but PRP is still in practice which indicates that there must be something behind this technique that motivates employers to use it in their organisations. These differences in theory and practice indicate a need to link PRP techniques for employee motivation with entire compensation system (practises) to ensure its positive effects are realised. The underpinning issue identified by this study is that how PRP can be integrated into the compensation system in a way that it works as a motivational tool for the workforce. The findings from other research studies that guide the stance of this study are stated below; Based on these findings it cannot be said directly that PRP is not motivating but it can be said that fair appraisal systems may help motivate employees and encourage them to achieve the set standard. This study explores how the issues identified by the research in PRP can be tackled and how it can be used as a strong motivation tool. The guiding statement for this research is that PRP is motivating however there should be elements that needs to be integrated if performance related pay is to be used as a motivational tool. Now the question is what elements can make PRP motivational for employees. Perry et al (2009) suggested that in order to make PRP work, it is important to focus on robust

Monday, November 18, 2019

Confidence Interval of Proportions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Confidence Interval of Proportions - Assignment Example 1) Have you completed the weekly reading assignment? Yes I have. 2) For the first problem, what is the Margin, and what are the lower and upper confidence limits? The margin of error is 0.0568 and the confidence interval is between .2933 and .4067 or simply (29.33% to 40.67%). 3) For the second problem, what is the Margin, and what are the lower and upper confidence limits? The margin of error is 0.03624 and the confidence interval is between .286 and .3585 or simply (28.6% to 35.85%). 4) For the third problem, what is the required sample size? The required sample size is 545. 5) Does the confidence interval estimate vary from sample to sample? Yes it does. A large sample size improves the precision of the confidence interval (Rumsey, 2005). This is because large sample size results to smaller standard errors meaning that the confidence interval will be narrower and clear-cut .As such, the choice of the sample size influences the confidence interval to use. 6) What percentage of all confidence interval estimates contains the true population parameter? The percentage will depend on the confidence level from the given problem or the significance level (alpha) that the researcher has decided to use.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Sociolinguistics as a Way of Adjustment in Conversation

Sociolinguistics as a Way of Adjustment in Conversation INTRODUCTION This study is aiming to examine how different strategies and processes are used in sociolinguistics as a way of adjustment of the writers manner of address in relation to his or her perception of the addressee. This is a complex process of change within the dynamics of conversation and writing. (Giles/Powesland 1975). It is often said that convergence seems to be the rule in media language. For instance, phonological features in radio broadcasting showed that presenters use measurably more informal pronunciations in stations which primarily address lower class, less educated, and younger listeners (Bell 1991. Ch.6). As far as newspapers are concerned, the followed classic hypothesis of convergence has been made by S. Hall, who claims that there is a reciprocity of producer/reader, what he called the public idiom of the media. However, this does not mean that the readers actually speak what they read or listen to, but there is evidence to suggest that a convergence takes place and that each paper makes its own convergence toward what it sees as a mode of discourse acceptable to its readership (Hall 1978,61). BACKGROUND RESEARCH Bell (1991.cb 6) has carried out research into determiner deletion; that being words found within the English Language that (which produces phrases like superstar Cher, newsagents manager Martin Gilbert, Defence Secretary Michael Portillo (all from The Sun, January 6, 1996). Several studies show that the deletion of articles in such phrases distinguishes tabloids from broadsheet British Newspapers. These are correlations with assumed class and education and the deletion seems to imply modernity, populism, and journalistic raciness. -Medienwissenschaft: ein Handbuch zur Entwicklung der Medien un Kommunikations formen Joaquin-FÃ ©lix, Hans-Wemer Ludwig) (Media Science: A manual for the development of the media and communication forms) Ryden (1975) and Bell (1985) both investigate the use of noun phrase name appositions in newspapers language and in particular the spread of phrases like Opposition leader Neil Knock with descriptive noun phrase appositive without a determiner preceding the name. This format is relatively recent and is in Britain largely but not entirely restricted to the two categories of tabloid papers -Social Stylistics: Syntactic variation in British Newspapers Andreas H. Jucker- The influence of the reader in newspaper style is supported by the research carried out by Bell (1991) and Jucker (1989). Bell (1991: 107-108), in his studies on naming expressions, states that this practice was more common in papers like The Sun, The Mirror, The Express than in The telegraph, The Guardian and The Times. The deletions were found in greater numbers in papers catering for lower socio-economic classes. After studying the deletion of determiners Jucker (1989) divided British newspapers into three categories below. He found that determiners were deleted more often in Down markets papers than in Midmarket papers, while there were very few deletions in style with a certain type of reader. Using this information Jucker (1989) divides British newspapers into three categories: Up market: The Times, Financial Times, Guardian, Independent, Daily telegraph Midmarket: Daily Mail, Daily Express, Today Down-market: Daily Mirror, Star, Sun. The writers mentioned in this section all maintain that TABLOIDS and BROADSHEETS are different in almost every way. -A Genre Approach to Re-Entry Patterns in Editorials BARRY PENNOCK Methodology Many considerations were taken in terms of which method would be best to use in order to carry out the investigation into the use of determiners in the media. The first decision that had to be made was which branch of the media would be used as a source for the study. The options ranged from television programs, magazines, internet websites, radio and newspapers. The choice of newspapers was made based primarily on access to previous research, mentioned in the Background Research section of this report. The fact that a similar study had been carried out by Bell et al in the comparison of determiner usage between the different types of newspaper gave a good basis on which to base our own study. Added to this is the intrigue of whether the results obtained will have a similar outcome to those obtained by these linguists twenty years ago. The next step was to realise that in order to study determiners, a content analysis was the only possible method that could be used. It was also the same method used by Bell et al. in their study. However there are many advantages and disadvantages of using this process that led to many limitations to the practical side of the study. It is fairly time consuming which can often limit the researcher to a smaller sample than a less time consuming method. The chance for a margin of error is increased particularly if relational analysis is used. This study does require a level of relational analysis, that being the assumption of what by todays standard of English counts as a missing determiner and what does not; which limits the validity of the results, especially if the intention is to directly compare the results found by Bell et al. It is also difficult to computerize and therefore the results obtained have to be manually automated which adds to the total time consumption that using a digital content analysis could perhaps have avoided. Our study therefore began firstly by selecting a number of different newspapers to compare. This was done by initially selecting an equal number of British papers that are considered heavyweight[1] newspapers, i.e. The Times, The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph, and an equal number of tabloid or middle-market[2] newspapers such as The Daily Mail and the redtops,[3] such as The Sun and The Daily Star. The six papers aforementioned were picked from those available from the University Shop on campus, with each category of newspaper represented and to be used in comparison with each other. They were then grouped into the retrospective classes: Group 1 included The Times, The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian; Group 2 included The Sun, The Daily Mail and The Daily Star. Our hypothesis, that fewer determiners will be deleted from the papers in Group 1 than the amount deleted from Group 2, was then decided upon. On the other hand there are many advantages to using content analysis such as the fact that it can combine quantitative and qualitative operations through the ability to see clearly the context of the deletion or inclusion. This method also has very few ethical issues as it is available to the public and no permission is needed in order to access it. It is also a very unobtrusive means of analysing the use of the English Language. It is also reliable as this study has been done before and can be repeated by the same or other researchers. After the newspapers were selected the specific details of how this content analysis would be carried out was then agreed upon. It was decided that two articles would be analysed from each of the six papers; one regarding a political subject and the other focussing on sport. This was done in order to firstly observe if there was any difference between the uses of determiners between the papers and then secondly if there was a difference within the different papers when the subject matter was different. It was clear that in order to increase the validity of this research the newspapers analysed would have to all be taken from the same date and then the articles chosen were to be about the same topic within politics and sport. The newspapers were therefore collected for analysis on the 6th May 2010 and the similar stories of the day in the two subject areas were then analysed. It was decided that the headlines and tag lines of all the articles would be included in the study. However it was recognised that headlines in general tend to have determiner deletions as standard. After the articles were selected the exact process of working out the determiner deletion was decided upon. Firstly the article word length was counted and recorded, then the entire article was analysed and all the determiners within the article were highlighted and totalled. Then a second analysis of each article was carried out in order to locate where the determiners were missing in accordance with Standard English practice.[4] These would again be totalled and recorded in a spread sheet where the number of determiners which have been deleted would be calculated as a percentage of the total determiners that could have been used in the entire article. Although every measure has been taken to improve the reliability, validity and practical issues posed by any method of research, this study is not without its limitations. Firstly not all the variables can be controlled. Firstly, the sex of the journalist whom had written each article is not being taken into account. This means that the results obtained could be reduced in validity, due to the fact that gender could have an influence over the amount of determiners used within the articles. In a similar vein, the age of the journalist is also unknown, which could similarly have an impact upon the amount of determiners used or deleted. It is also a fairly subjective study and it is likely that some determiner deletions could be overlooked depending upon the researcher carrying out the study. In order to improve this limitation the same person shall be carrying out the content analysis on each of the papers. Due to the time consuming nature of this method as aforementioned the sample si ze had to be kept quite small to three newspapers of the two different categories. This reduces the representativeness of the study as not all newspapers have been analysed therefore it is probably unlikely that any generalisations can be made from this study only suggestions.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

color purple :: essays research papers

Power of the Word While reading The Color Purple I was shocked by the development of Celie’s inner-self. Her entire being was defined by those around her. It appeared as if Celie had no hand in creating who she was. I could picture Shug, Mr., and Her father molding Celie’s body like a piece of clay until Celie truly believed she was an ugly, dumb, and worthless servant. It was shocking to see the destructive power of something as simple as words. Words seem to have the single handed ability to destroy life itself. The power of the word in The Color Purple particularly struck me because I was simultaneously reading The Four Agreements by Don Miguel Ruiz. The Four Agreements is about the wisdom of the ancient Toltec. The Toltec is a way of thinking about life, and of filling ones life with happiness and love. According to Ruiz, the problem with most of us is that we have allowed the world around us to create our agreements for us. Our parents instilled beliefs—agreements—into us from the time we started trying to make sense of the world around us. And what we are—who each of us is as an individual human being—is determined by our agreements. Ultimately, who we are is defined by what we believe and our beliefs shape the world around us. In order to redefine ourselves the Toltec teaches that there are four agreements which we must learn to live by. The first and most important agreement is to be impeccable with your word. The word gives the power to create. The word creates the world around us and is therefore a tool of magic. However, as Ruiz says our word is a double-edged sword, and we can use it to create a beautiful dream, or we can use it to destroy everything around us. Misusing the word creates a living hell. Being impeccable with our word creates beauty, love, and heaven on earth. Ruiz continues to explain that the human mind is a fertile ground where opinions, ideas, and concepts are constantly being planted. Because the word is magic, humans are like magicians, and they are capable of casting spells. If the parents tell a child repeatedly that she is not very pretty, or that he is not very smart, the child will accept this as true. It will become an agreement in the mind of the child.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Essay on Margaret Atwood’s Rape Fantasies

Damarcus Fitzhugh Lenore Harris ENG 001B 11/18/2012 In most short stories of the past there have always been Heroes and Villains; good vs. evil. Whether it’s the innocent Hansel and Gretel vs. the evil cannibalistic witch; authors tended to paint the line separating the two through their uses of certain writing tools. The point Atwood attempts to drive into the reader is women’s naivety and overall downplay of rape. Margaret Atwood, author of Rape Fantasies, relies heavily on Irony and Characterization to get her point across. In the story Estelle, the narrator and main character, shares her rape fantasies along .In all of them she is a victim, later in the story, we find out that the reason she has these thoughts about being raped is so that if she ever is in a situation like one where she might get raped, she wants to be prepared to avoid it and protect herself. This shows an unrealistic and naive view on what rape really is. She imagines the rapist to be the victim i nstead of her. As mentioned in the text, all the rapists she fantasizes about are victims of some sort of mental or physical trait considered undesirable Atwood uses characterization, specifically in Estelle, with whom she characterizes as condescending, sarcastic and negative at times.She is a young office worker who notes how popular the subject â€Å"Rape† has become in women's magazines. Estelle is playing a game with her co-workers over their lunch hour, when Chrissy, a woman from Estelle's office, brings up the topic of rape fantasies. Estelle would rather just continue playing, but instead, the small group of ladies decides to go around the table sharing their own rape fantasies. (1) Darlene, the oldest, and the only divorced women of the group finds these fantasies revolting and ends up turning her back on the other ladies. later she returns, unable to resist the interesting taboo) (1) Chrissy and Sondra are very eager to share their â€Å"rape fantasies† but a fter they do Estelle informs them that they were not legitimate rape fantasies but merely romantic fantasies; she then describes a story of a man jumping her in a dark alley, or sneaking into her house when she is sick in bed. In all of Estelle's stories the men are pathetic, lonely individuals who have something â€Å"wrong† with them either mentally or physically.Here we see Estelle victimize the rapist in order to protect herself. She believes she can talk herself out of being raped. After sharing all the rape fantasies the story goes into a deeper monologue and a new light is shed on why Estelle's fantasies (1) all end the way they do. It is because she feels that after getting to know someone and getting a glimpse of what they think and how they feel there is no way a person would be able to rape the other; this theory contradicts almost every book that says women are usually raped by someone they know.Irony is introduced within the conversations the women have. Moving f rom woman to woman, Darlene calling the entire thing â€Å"disgusting,† Greta describing a Tarzan-like situation, Chrissy describing hers in a bath, when Estelle, ever the voice of reason, informs them that what they are describing are sexual fantasies: â€Å"Listen . . . those aren’t rape fantasies. I mean, you aren’t getting raped, it’s just some guy you haven’t met formally who happens to be more attractive than Derek Cummins . . and you have a good time, rape is when they’ve got a knife or something and you don’t want to†. (1) Angered, the other women insist that she tell them hers. Content, Estelle then describes her rape fantasy where she deflects her rapist by squirting lemon juice from a plastic bottle in his eyes (â€Å"You should hear the one about the Easy Off Cleaner†), and the one where â€Å"this short, ugly fellow comes up and grabs my arm . . .I say, â€Å"Oh for Christ sake,’ and he starts to cr y,† which prompts a wave of sympathy in Estelle. And there’re more, all with Estelle stopping her attacker through talking to him (â€Å"I’ve just found out I have leukemia†), or talking him out of it. (1) As the story continues, we become aware that Estelle is talking to someone in addition to the reader–â€Å"I hope you don’t mind me holding my nose like this . . . † and that person is probably a man (two times Estelle says, â€Å"But I guess it’s different for a guy†).As the story ends, we realize that Estelle has been in a bar, talking to a man she had just met, she worries about possibly being raped by him. â€Å"Like, how could a fellow do that to a person he’s just had a long conversation with, once you let them know you’re human, you have a life too, I don’t see how they could go ahead with it, right? † (Last Paragraph) We are left wondering whether this entire story is Estelle’s deliberate inventions, her attempt to control a dangerous interaction. Citation Atwood, Margaret. Rape Fantasies. S. l. : S. n. , .. ]. Print.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Free Money for Collegeâ€Paying for School With Grants

Free Money for College- Paying for School With Grants A grant is a sum of money that is gifted to someone for a specific purpose. For example, a grant might be awarded to a student so that the student can pay for tuition, books and other education-related costs. Grants are also known as awards or gift aid. Why You Need Grants Grants the best way to pay for college or business school. Unlike students loans, which can create a significant financial burden during and after school, grants do not need to be paid back. Getting Grants for School Students can receive grants from a variety of sources, including private organizations, educational institutions, professional associations, and federal and state governments.  Grants may be awarded based on a student’s financial need, ethnicity, religious affiliation, record of achievement, association or special interests. Education Grants From the Federal Government There are many different types of grants awarded by the federal government. Lets explore a few of the best grants for school. Federal Pell Grant- Federal Pell Grants are the most common grants awarded by the federal government. These grants are primarily designed for students who have not yet earned a bachelors degree. In other words, they are for undergraduate students. However, these grants might also be available to students in a  postbaccalaureate teacher certification program.  Federal Pell Grants are need-based; they are meant to help low-income students pay for school. Grant amounts vary by individual and are dependent on the cost of education and the students expected family contribution (EFC).Federal Supplemental Education Opportunity Grant- The federal government gives schools money through the FSEOG Program each year. These funds are then distributed by the school to financially-needy students. That means that FSEOG grants are campus-based aid. Not every school participates in this federal program, and the funds are usually available on a first-come, first-served based. Students who get FSEOG grants typically have a very low EFC and are usually Federal Pell Grant recipients. The amount of the award varies but usually falls somewhere between $100 and $4,000. Education Grants From the State Government Grants for school are also awarded at the state level. Each state has a different way of acquiring and distributing financial aid. Many states fund their programs with taxes and lottery earnings. State-based grants are usually designed to be spent at in-state schools, but again, rules vary by state. Some examples of state grant programs include the Pennsylvania State Grant Program, which is a need-based program that awards aid on a sliding scale based on annual income, and Cal Grants, a California-based program that awards aid to students who attend school at least half-time and falls under  income and asset ceilings. Education Grants From Other Sources Federal and state governments arent the only groups who award grants for school. Nearly all colleges and universities have some type of grant program for students who can demonstrate financial need. You should speak with your schools financial aid office to learn more about grant availability and application procedures.  You may also be able to receive merit-based grants from professional associations, corporations, and other groups who have formal and informal programs for students seeking education funds.   How to Apply for Grants The application procedure for grants varies depending on the organization. To apply for federal grants, you need to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) each year you plan to attend school. Some states also award grants based on information supplied in the FAFSA form. However, application rules for each state vary. Contact your states Department of Education to learn more about application procedures.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

The Narrative Voice Of Huck Finn Essays - Literature, Fiction

The Narrative Voice Of Huck Finn Essays - Literature, Fiction The Narrative Voice Of Huck Finn The Narrative Voice of Huck Finn Huckleberry Finn provides the narrative voice of Mark Twains novel, and his honest voice combined with his personal vulnerabilities reveal the different levels of the Grangerfords world. Huck is without a family: neither the drunken attention of Pap nor the pious ministrations of Widow Douglas were desirable allegiance. He stumbles upon the Grangerfords in darkness, lost from Jim and the raft. The family, after some initial cross-examination, welcomes, feeds and rooms Huck with an amiable boy his age. With the light of the next morning, Huck estimates it was a mighty nice family, and a mighty nice house, too(1335). This is the first of many compliments Huck bestows on the Grangerfords and their possessions. Huck is impressed by all of the Grangerfords belongings and liberally offers compliments. The books are piled on the table perfectly exact(1335), the table had a cover made from beautiful oilcloth(1335), and a book was filled with beautiful stuff and poetry(1335). He even appraise s the chairs, noting they are nice split-bottom chairs, and perfectly sound, toonot bagged down in the middle and busted, like an old basket(1335). It is apparent Huck is more familiar with busted chairs than sound ones, and he appreciates the distinction. Huck is also more familiar with flawed families than loving, virtuous ones, and he is happy to sing the praises of the people who took him in. Col. Grangerford was a gentleman all over; and so was his family(1338). The Colonel was kind, well-mannered, quiet and far from frivolous. Everyone wanted to be around him, and he gave Huck confidence. Unlike the drunken Pap, the Colonel dressed well, was clean-shaven and his face had not a sign of red in it anywheres (1338). Huck admired how the Colonel gently ruled his family with hints of a submerged temper. The same temper exists in one of his daughters: she had a look that would make you wilt in your tracks, like her father. She was beautiful(1339). Huck does not think negatively of the hints of iron in the people he is happy to care for and let care for him. He does not ask how three of the Colonels sons died, or why the family brings guns to family picnics. He sees these as small facets of a family with a handsome lot of quality (1339). He thinks no more about Jim or the raft, but knows he has found a new home, one where he doesnt have to go to school, is surrounded by interior and exterior beauty, and most importantly, where he feels safe. Huck liked that family, dead ones and all, and warn't going to let anything come between us(1340). Huck is a very personable narrator. He tells his story in plain language, whether describing the Grangerford's clock or his hunting expedition with Buck. It is through his precise, trusting eyes that the reader sees the world of the novel. Because Huck is so literal, and does not exaggerate experiences like Jim or see a grand, false version of reality like Tom Sawyer, the reader gains an understanding of the world Mark Twain created, the reader is able to catch Twains jokes and hear his skepticism. The Grangerford's furniture, much admired by Huck, is actually comically tacky. You can almost hear Mark Twain laughing over the parrot-flanked clock and the curtains with cows and castles painted on them even as Huck oohs and ahhs. And Twain pokes fun at the young dead daughter Huck is so drawn to. Twain mocks Emmeline as an amateur writer: She warn't particular, she could write about anything you choose to give her to write about, just so it was sadful(1337). Yet Twain allows the images of Emmeline and the silly clock to deepen in meaning as the chapter progresses. Emmeline is realized as an early portent of the destruction of Hucks adopted family. The mantel clock was admired by Huck not only for its beauty, but because the Grangerfords properly valued beauty and wouldnt took any money for her(1337). Huck admired the Grangerfords principles, and the stake they placed in good manners, delicious food, and attractive possessions. But Huck realizes in Chapter 18 that whereas

Monday, November 4, 2019

PepsiCo Business Level and Corporate Level Strategies Research Paper

PepsiCo Business Level and Corporate Level Strategies - Research Paper Example From the paper, PepsiCo emerged in 1965 as a business union between Frito- Lay, and Pepsi- Cola. Later on, the company acquired Tropicana in 1998. Additionally, in 1998 it merged with Quaker Oats and later with Gatorade in 2001. PepsiCo mainly deals with beverages, snacks, and foods with revenues over $ 65 million dollars. The company aims to be a global leader in the production of convenient beverages and foods. In addition, it aims to increase shareholder’s wealth, empower employees, business associates and communities in which they conduct business. The company is divided into PepsiCo Americas Foods, PepsiCo Europe, PepsiCo Americas Beverages and PepsiCo Middle East and Africa. Under the business strategy, corporations with various businesses treat each as a separate strategic business unit. Essentially, in each unit, there are independent markets or products served by organizations with each serving diverse environments. For each market (or product segment), there is a uni que environment suitable for that division. In order to attain a competitive advantage then the organization ought to satisfy the needs of customers with a focus on youth. The essence of the business level strategy is the customers; the young people. The unique taste and features of the customers are a critical factor in ensuring that the strategy works properly. In addition, the consumption patterns of the youth should be taken into account when implementing the business level strategy. Market research on the customer’s preferences helps to gain a competitive advantage over Coca-Cola, which is more recognized globally in the beverages sector than Pepsi Cola. Maintaining a good relationship with customers has been effective by providing superior products to customers. The massive investment in market research and R&D is a testament to this. The Company focuses on brand loyalty, particularly in America. This loyalty translates to value creation and an increase in profitability for the company. The business strategy also tries to reach more global customers given that international business is more globalized than ever before. The business level strategy is also related to the generic five forces of competition. Thus, the strategies aim to gain a competitive edge over similar companies. One of the forces is the threat of new entrants. Given the popularity of soft drinks and the vast revenues among beverage companies, new entrants pose a huge threat. The emergence of new entrants is likely to come from emerging countries due to the low cost of production. In spite of the threat posed by new entrants, the industry is capital intensive with research and development a necessity for the companies.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Human Resource Management Models of H&M Clothing Company, UK Essay

Human Resource Management Models of H&M Clothing Company, UK - Essay Example H&M pays close attention to its corporate social responsibility by instituting self-regulating mechanisms that monitor and ensure that the company adheres to set laws and ethical standards of the company. H&M has a long established tradition of a constant long-term growth strategy of opening new stores. This is done through acquiring market share from competitors, and increasing sales, profits and popularity. H&M’s organisational functional strategy is based on research and development that enables the company versatile and diverse making its products and operations unique setting it apart from its competitors. There are various long-term plans that have been instituted by H&M that are meant to improve business operations. These include being vigilant in controling and elimination of intermediaries, bulk buying in order to accrue from economies of scale. Price controls are implemented to protect customers from unscrupulous traders and expertise within the design teams is empha sized to guarantee quality. Mergers and acquisitions are another strategy that is used by H&M as illustrated by the acquisition of FaBric Scandinavian (H&M Annual Report, 2012 p10). H&M is broadening its products range by investing in information technology launching online platforms for its products according to the company’s 2012 annual report (p34). The company’s open-door policy encourages employee and customer input in developing and improving its operations. Reward (Luliia Stakhiva) The H&M Company strives to ensure that it maintains a conducive and suitable environment for its workers and customers. H&M implements reward strategies that give career advancement opportunities in a dynamic and global company, and avail career milestones for motivation. There are training and skill development programs meant to enhance employee capabilities, and the implementation of employee rotation. This gives employees the opportunity to work in diverse fields in which they gain varied experience and skill. In 2010, H&M introduced an incentives program that was meant to encourage and gain employee loyalty, long-term support and commitment to the company’s policies. This avails information and valuable knowledge to workers making H&M an attractive company and place for employees. Reward systems and policies include monetary and non-monetary aspects that are meant to ensure employee loyalty, commitment and support for the company’s policies and goals. According to Beaumont (1993 np), rewards systems have potentially powerful impacts on an organisation’s performance at any level of production and business operations. Rewards systems primary goal is to motivate employees, which affects their behaviour and attitudes to their job and ultimately their job performance capabilities. Sillitoe (2010 np) postulates that H&M’s reward system will benefit the company’s employees and increase its attractiveness and credibility in the job market, which will make it to acquired relevant skilled personnel more easily. Fair remuneration and working hours are another incentive that is included in the company’s reward strategy, and the formation of unions to encourage career growth. H&M

Thursday, October 31, 2019

U07d1 HIPAA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U07d1 HIPAA - Essay Example The main attempt has been to adopt standards to help improve the effectiveness and the working of the nation health care systems in the use of electronic data (Beaver & Herold, 2003). In simple terms the main aim of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 is to guide the development and maintenance of the patient information management. As mentioned earlier, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (2010) explains, that â€Å"Title II of HIPPA required the Department of Health and Human Services to establish national standards for electronic health transactions and national identifiers for providers, health plans and employers† (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2010). In an excellent article named, Integrating privacy and security: coordination benefits HIPAA compliance efforts, the author Alder explains, even after a number of years have passed for the deadline compliance with HIPPA, ‘By summer 2006, only 39 percent of respondents to an AHIMA survey reported that their facilities were in full compliance with the HIPAA privacy regulations’ (Adler, 2008). The author also highlights that, ‘There are a number of reasons why compliance has been difficult to achieve and maintain, but the most cited reason is a lack of resources’ (Adler, 2008). The rules for the HIPPA have been very long and intricate and the writing and implementation of the rules has taken a very long time. The process of the development of the transactions and the code sets, rules and also the national employer identity, took the government a high amount of time to complete. The process has been very time consuming making the process look like it took several years to write and for the implementation of the riles because of the high level of scrutiny and intricacies that were involved. The HIPPA intended to include the healthcare environment and also with the high levels of technological developments the process was long drawn and took several

Monday, October 28, 2019

The Impact of Anarchy Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Anarchy Essay Anarchy is found in all societies to some certain degree.   The sound of such may not seem to be as delightful as that of â€Å"governmental† successes in account, but digging deeper on such, shall open a whole wide range of arguments brought by anarchy in the field of history (Black, 1980). As a philosophical term, the definition of anarchy is most likely described as an opposing origin of arche which does not mean opposing the political leader.   It significantly comes to mean the principles of element, supreme power, sovereignty, dominion, command, authority then leading on to an empire, a realm, magistracy, a governmental office, at that (Weir, 1997). The exact meaning of the word which is normally being collaborated with the word â€Å"opposing† had then evolved through time that it has continuously occupied improper and confusing usage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Men of culture always tend to have something in common.   The transformation of society had been blatantly felt during the French Revolution that the European society is remade using a new set of political models and thus having the modern-nation states start to emerge, so as with national cultures (Weir, 1997).   Supposedly, not on a plurality but totality scheme, culture was not to be divisible but such counter-movements during that era floated up in the scene.  Ã‚   For the reason of such scenario, it is precisely fit to assume that politics is intrinsically anarchic given the fact that it has the potential to separate and divide populations along ideological lines.   Moreover, democratic politics is also considered as the most divisive force of all, having the tendency to produce individuals wherein such primary culture may be compensated in allegiance to them (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2006). The unfortunate factors of such circumstance are the losses it takes under the cohesion of the culture.   On the other hand, the social disintegration on culture caused by wrought of politics may lead to weaving disparate individuals together again, forming an alliance of which adheres with a common thought that they have (Weir, 1997).   In a form of integration for a common sensibility the affirmation of anarchism being practiced by such considered politicians and thus perceived as a threat of social disorder is countered in the scheme of culture by all right and even culture itself is as a matter of fact no longer the universalizing force outside of history humankind suppose it to be (Rueschemeyer, 1978).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The behavior of law constituting all the massive forces of political power, by all means also convey the act of anarchism.   Considerably, the classical illustration of Donald Black with regards to such also gave a couple of relevance in displaying the classic formulation of laws. Its comprehensive explanatory theory of the law revolved around governmental social control, margin of stratification, proofs of differentiation, social distance specifications, and periphery of social life location, culture symbols, organizational management techniques and non-legal social control incidences (Black, 1980).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The variation of all fields of law had been divulged on to the role and the impact made by anarchy. He announces the major phenomena of anarchy as one which are treated as variables in the quantitative state.   Significantly noting such as to a social life without law, hence, that the earlier societies were measured in banishment, beating to ridicule and even teasing. He even cited the point of dictatorship as one which tends to surrender their usual liberties for the strength of the organization (Lilly et al., 2006). All of which he tantamount its capacity and capability to explain other kinds of social control on how it is specifies the conditions of anarchy-social life without law by implication basis.   Theories ought to lay a couple of explanations so as to know how a phenomenon had shrugged a state, or a government (Weir, 1997). In conclusion, the impacts of anarchy defy explanatory implications which orbit around culture and society and now pave a forceful supremacy in the cloud of politics in historical precessions. References:    Black, D. (1980). The Behavior of Law (2Rev Ed ed.). San Diego CA: Academic Press. Lilly, J. R., Cullen, F. T., Ball, R. A. (2006). Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences (Fourth Edition ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications, Inc. Rueschemeyer, D. (1978). The Behavior of Law. by Donald Black. The American Journal of Sociology, 83(4), 1040-1042. Weir, D. (1997). Anarchy Culture : The Aesthetic Politics of Modernism. Amherst: Mass. University of Massachusetts Press.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Pain and pain management in the dying patient

Pain and pain management in the dying patient For many years there has been a question as to whether or not providing pain medication to a dying patient is ethical or not. This subject practices on what is considered morally ethical as well as medically ethical. Allowing a person to sit in pain at the end of life, hits as both medically and morally unethical. Especially, when health care professionals can manage and control the pain. There are many medical ethics principles as well as the directives that apply from the Catholic religion side of it. Some of the principles that will be discussed are the principle of double effect, informed consent, veracity, beneficence, non-malfeasance, extraordinary versus ordinary means, and proportionate and disproportionate means. This paper is going to discuss the ethical implications regarding the barriers that are encountered when administering pain medications to patients that are in the last part of the dying phase. It is my position that patients that are dying should receive pain medication as desired and expressed by the patient. The pain medications should be administered and titrated accordingly to maintain the appropriate therapeutic level to allow the patient to maintain his or her dignity. There are several barriers that arise when providing pain relief in the dying patient. The barriers include failure of clinicians to identify pain relief as a priority in patient care, insufficient knowledge among clinicians about the assessment and management of pain, fear of regulatory scrutiny of prescribing practices for opioid analgesics, failure of the healthcare system to hold clinicians accountable for pain relief, the persistence of irrational beliefs and unsubstantiated fears about addiction, tolerance, dependence, and adverse effects of opioids, and the resistance of patients and/or their family members to the use of opioid analgesics in the management of pain (Rich, 2000). The most common barrier is under treatment due to fear of hastening death. Assessing pain and the administration of pain medication in the dying client is very important. This nursing assessment is vital through all aspects of life but is also very important in the end of life to try and maintain as much of a persons autonomy and dignity as possible. AS in life people who are dying must also be able to have and make choices surrounding the way in which they choose to spend that last portion of their life. Before getting down to the ethical concerns of pain and pain management, it is important to define what pain is and how it is assessed. Pain and suffering is often linked together and some even use it interchangeably. However, there is a difference between the two. Pain is considered a negative and unpleasant sensory felt by the person that is inhibitory to the comfort of the person, it is considered to be mainly physical in nature (Kelly, 2004). Suffering is considered to be roughly the same as pain but the effects are more geared towards a persons spirituality and mentality (Kelly, 2004). The way in which people experience pain and suffering is different from person to person. Pain is a subjective experience and is to be assessed on an individual basis. There are many ways in which pain can be assessed. There are many different scales that are used to assess pain and each scale has different characteristics that allow health team members to be able to assess every type of person for which they care for. Some of the most common scales used are the descriptive scales in which you circle the word that best describes you ranging from none to excruciating, the numerical scale which is the most common scale used allows a person to say or circle a number that reflects the amount of pain they are in ranging from 0 being no pain to 10 being the worst pain they have ever felt. There is a also a visual analog scale that allows a person to mark a place on a line or pick out a face on a faces scale ranging from no distress/pain to worst pain ever. The last scale mentioned is one of the least used and it is the functional interference scale which allows a person to circle a word that best describes the persons degree of impairment ranging from n one to incapacitated. In addition to these subjective scales there has been evidence that has helped with the ability of healthcare professionals to be able to approach pain from an objective point of view. This approach has been divided up into four different categories: sympathetic discharge signs, positional relief signs, sensory avoidance signs, and common pain distraction signs. Some of the sympathetic signs associated with pain are tachycardia, high blood pressure, dilated pupils and vasoconstriction (Leavitt and Tennant, 2008). There are several more approaches but this is just a few that are used in healthcare. Positional relief signs include; walking imbalanced, leaning while sitting or standing, lying on the floor, and differences in temperature between sides of the body (Leavitt and Tennant, 2008). Sensory avoidance signs include; speaking slowly, delays answering questions, avoids noise, shallow breathing, and wont brush teeth (Leavitt and Tennant, 2008). Some of the common pain distraction s igns include; grinding of teeth, clenching of feet and hands, bites lips, gouges or squeezing of skin (Leavitt and Tennant, 2008). The other aspect to consider is the type of pain medication being administered. When pertaining to the end of life the typical drug of choice are the ones that fall into the opioid family. These drugs are chosen for people that have pain that is moderate to severe in intensity and is unrelieved by non-opioid drugs. These drugs provide pain relief and can cause some adverse effects such as constipation, nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, fatigue and sometimes light sedation is amongst the most common effects. The amount and type is determined on an individual basis and prolonged use can lead to dependence and the need for increased dosages due to an increased tolerance for the desired therapeutic effect. The way in which drugs are chosen is divided into 3 steps as developed by the World Health Organization. Step one is when the pain is assessed as mild to moderate and has had no previous treatment and so non-opioid drugs are used such as tylenol, ibuprofen, and toradol (Cla sen, Jonas and Whitecar, 2000). Step two is when the pain is measured at a moderate level and has been treated previously but has not responded to the treatments from step one, the medications used in step two are weak analgesics such as Tylenol with codeine, and tramadol (Clasen, Jonas and Whitecar, 2000). Step three is considered when the pain is described as severe pain or pain that does not respond to one and two. In this instance the patients should be treated with strong opioids such as morphine, dilaudid, and Demerol (Clasen, Jonas and Whitecar, 2000). Morphine is one of the most commonly used opioids because there is no therapeutic ceiling and extremely large doses can be used safely and effectively if the drug is titrated properly (Clasen, Jonas and Whitecar, 2000). Part of treating every person as an individual and respecting them as an individual is being sure to respect their autonomy. This principle applies here because to be able to treat a person that is in pain, they have to be assessed individually and be treated according to their individual needs. Every person feels pain differently and every person has a different threshold for pain. What is considered mildly painful to one person may be severe to excruciating to the next. As a health care member you have to be able to allow the patient to express what they are feeling and to allow them to be involved in the decisions regarding their pain management. The ability for them to be able to make decisions allows the people that are dying the ability to be able to have some form of control of how they live the last part of their lives. Allowing the dying person to make small decisions such as whether or not they receive pain medication allows the person to feel as though they still have a voice and a place within the world that they are about to leave. The fear usually involved with giving dying patients pain medication is hastening the death process. However, as the health care members the opinions that we may have about whether or not it does hasten death does not matter because the patient has the right to make his or her own decisions regarding their personal healthcare interventions. Due to the fact that pain is mostly a subjective matter healthcare members do not have the authority to decide whether or not a patient is in fact in pain or not. Withholding pain medication in the dying patient would be a violation against the patients human rights by allowing that person to die in pain. Allowing a person to die in pain does not allow the person to be able to concentrate on their spiritual needs, psychological needs, and family needs at the time of death. Violation of the ethical principle of autonomy is a violation of ones human rights. â€Å"There will be times when it easier to surrender to the determination, decisions, and goals of influential parties such as the primary physician† (Andrews, Constantino, and Zalon, 2008, Pg. 94). Furthermore the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses requires that nurses practice â€Å"with compassion, and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual† (ANA, 2001). As nurses we are obligated to do everything within our power to relieve the persons pain when the person is requesting pain relief. It is also our responsibility to reassess the persons pain without prompt by the patient. Another responsibility that nurses own is providing accurate information to the patient regarding the medications ordered for pain, so as to allow the patient to make informed decisions about receiving the medications or not. The next principle is veracity, veracity is when a person tells another person the truth without any form of deception. In this case it would be the health care member speaking truthfully to the dying patient. Under this principle the nurse has the obligation to provide the patient with accurate information about his or her right to effective pain relief. The nurse also has the obligation to provide information about the pain medication being administered. The other thing to remember when this principle is applied is that nurses need to be aware that people that experience chronic pain exhibit behaviors that are vastly different than those who are experiencing acute pain. This becomes a very important principle because there have been instances in which the nurse will just bring in a medication and just tell the patient that the medication is for pain. Little does the patient know that the medication the nurse is administering is tylenol or ibuprofen. The patient trusts the nurse and assumes that their pain will be taken care of. Instead without directly having to lie to the patient, the patient is deceived. Granted the medication given is for pain but, the type of pain being referred to in the end of life is usually moderate to severe and the medications listed above are not made for intense pain. Violation of this principle is what leads patients to distrust the healthcare providers and the care that they are given. From this, patients start to feel they need second opinions and the continuity of care for the patient is then lacking. As we know to be able to properly control pain in our patients it has to be done with trust between the patient and healthcare members as well trust between the nurses and other members of the healthcare team. According to the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses, the nurses primary responsibility is to the patient (ANA, 2001). So, if the patient is not given the proper information about the pain medications being used and it isnt being treated effectively the patient then loses part of their dignity and we as the healthcare members just robbed the patient of any value they might have felt like they had left. Before a person can make a decision about accepting or denying an intervention of any kind, that person has to be completely informed. This begins the discussion of the principle of informed consent. This principle is very important because it allows the person that is dying to be able to continue to make decisions about their lives all the way to death. When administering pain medication to a person that is dying it would be unethical to not inform that person of the affects that the pain medication may have on them. If medication was given to the patient and it either sedated them or it did hasten their death, their dignity and autonomy would have been taken away from them. That person would not have been able to decide whether or not they wanted to make preparations for the remainder of their life. The ability of a person that is approaching death to be able to maintain a sense of belonging and still feel as though they have authority over themselves allows for a sense of calm. The patient is able to make amends if wanted or needed. By informing them of the affects of the pain medications that person can feel comfortable about taking them and as that person is passing they wont be wondering â€Å"what if† when it is time for them to pass. Every person has the right to decide how they are going to die. The benefit of doing it pain free or as close to pain free as they can get is that it leaves the person in a state where they are more able to concentrate on important things. Such things include their spirituality, family, and even death preparations. â€Å"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you,† this is a very important saying that we are taught and is reinforced throughout our entire lives. This word of advice rolls into the next principle I would like to talk about and it is beneficence. Beneficence requires that the duty is to help the patient by managing the pain effectively. This principle goes as far as to say that not only will the nurse not harm the patient but is obligated to take positive actions that will benefit the patient whenever applicable. It would be a violation of this principle if the nurse was to give the patient pain medication and did not follow up with the patient to see if the pain has been reduced or if the dosage of the medication needed to be titrated. Any nurse can give their dying patient pain medication but it takes follow through and communication with the patient to ensure that the pain is being managed. The act of giving the pain medication is the part that is considered not doing harm to the patient. The follow through and reassessment of pain as well as dosage of medication is what is considered taking positive actions to benefit the patient. The ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses states that nurses are responsible for their practice and are therefore required to provide a standard of care that takes an appropriate action to manage the pain in their patients (ANA, 2001). This can be stretched even further by stating that they are expected to take action when incompetence, unethical, illegal, and impaired practices are suspected. This goes back to the age old fundamental nursing practice of advocating for your patient. Nurses are to be the advocates as well as the educators for their patients. If a nurse is caring for a dying person that person may assume that after so much pain medication that they will not be able to experience relief and as said before it is then the nurses duty to educate that patient about the ability to switch drugs or to increase dosages in cases of increased tolerance. Non-Malfeasance has a lot to do with beneficence; you wont normally see one without the other. Non-malfeasance is just the simple task of doing no harm to your patient. In the dying patient the nurse has a duty to protect the patient from pain. Suffering plays a big role in this principle. As recalled from earlier in this paper suffering is more of the emotional and mental effects that pain has on the patient. The patient is most likely to suffer if they are not properly medicated for their constant pain. The suffering is what inhibits the patient from being able to enjoy and participate in the final moments of their lives. Allowing the patient to go under medicated and allow their mental capacity to reduce to a suffering state is a violation of the principle of non-malfeasance. This impacts their dignity by not allowing them to eat, dress themselves, helping with a transfer, or walking around if they are permitted to do so. This could result in the patients last and even most precious moments of their lives to be reduced to a non-significant and traumatic experience. By withholding or under treating someone for pain it is indirectly causing harm to the patient. Another way to look at it would be that under prescribing the pain medication is the same thing as inflicting pain on the person. Looking at it from this point has made it so that I look at my own practices and every time that I think about the times that I didnt ask patients if they were in pain I was consequently inflicting pain and suffering thereby doing harm which is a direct violation of the principle of non-malfeasance. The competence of the nurse plays a large role within this principle. To properly be able to prevent doing harm to the patient the nurse must be aware and competent regarding pain and the medications or techniques that are used to manage the pain. â€Å"Further, competence in pain management entails demonstrating a basic knowledge of the nature and action of the drug, proper dosages, the length of coverage, the time it takes for the drug to take effect, the variety of routes of administration, the recognition of drug tolerance, and dealing with problems with break-through pain† (Silverman, Croker, 2001, Pg. 185). When talking about the care of dying patients, it cannot be forgotten that even though the client that is dying needs care, usually that patient is not the only person that the nurse is caring for. Time is one of the worst barriers for most nurses and although everyone that is in the hospital and needs care deserves the undivided attention of the nurse, this is just not reality. According to the principle of justice every patient has the right to be given their â€Å"dues.† This doesnt mean just fairness; it is giving something to a person to which they are entitled. Every dying person is entitled to being as pain free as possible by the healthcare members, especially when it comes to providing pain medication. This can become an issue for nurses caring for these patients because there are not enough nurses to be able to adequately staff to be able to provide the closer one on one care that may be needed. This becomes a dilemma because the nurses then have to then make decisions that result in less care being provided to one or all of the other patients. Under treating for pain in the dying patient is a violation of the principle of justice because everyone is entitled to a pain free death. The technology and advancements are available to make this happen and again this allows the patient to be able to address other needs at the time of death other than concentrating on how much pain they might be in. A good way to help in this type of situation would be a PCA pump, which allows the patient to manage their pain, but also allows the nurse to concentrate more on the other needs of the patient. Allowing the patient the extra time and energy to spend with their families or to spend relaxing is a right that all people have and should be upheld to the very last breathe that the person takes. Although administering pain medication to dying patients that are in pain produces a good effect by relieving the patients pain, it can also produce a negative affect that was unintended such as hastening death. The principle that this relates to is the principle of double effect. The true definition of this principle is that the â€Å"action that is good in itself that has two effects, an intended and otherwise not reasonably attainable good effect, and an unintended yet unforeseen evil effect† (NCBC, 2006). This principle has to be considered when there is a question or a discrepancy between doing good (beneficence) and doing no harm (non-malfeasance). The problem with this principle is that most healthcare professionals believe in it and therefore giving higher dosages of pain medication does in fact hasten death. Studies have been performed and revealed that although 89% of physicians and nurses agreed that sometimes it is appropriate to give pain medication to relieve suffering, even if it may hasten a patients death (Fohr, 2005). Out of the 89%, 41% agreed that clinicians give inadequate pain medication most often out of fear of hastening a patients death (Fohr, 2005). â€Å"Fohr has found that there is little research to support the notion that increasing the dose of opioid analgesics for terminally ill patients hastens their death† (Fohr, 2005). The belief in this principle has in fact allowed and caused unnecessary suffering in the dying patients. There are also state by state statutes that have been developed to protect health care members in instances such as this. The Indiana statute states as follows: â€Å"This statute provides that a licensed health care provider who administers, prescribes, or dispenses medications or procedures to relieve a persons pain or discomfort, even if the medication or procedure may hasten or increase the risk of death, unless such medications or procedures are intended to cause death is not liable for assisting suicide† (Sexton, 2000). There are four criteria that pertain to the double effect principle and the action has to meet these criterions to make the action morally ethical. The first criteria is that the action has to be good and that the action can be acceptable by Gods standards and must be considered good to the other person as well as yourself (NCBC, 2006). The second criterion that has to be accomplished is that the act that is to be good cannot come from or be the effect of a bad act (NCBC, 2006). So, the act of providing pain relief cannot be as a result of hastening the patients death. Hastening the patients death is in fact the unforeseen effect of the good action provide pain relief. The third criterion states that there is an equal or greater proportion that exists between the good effect of the action and the bad effect of the action (NCBC, 2006). The last criterion suggests that the person the action was used upon has to be moved more towards the good effect of the act of giving the pain medicat ion in the dying person. The untoward effect has to be just tolerated and prevented as much as possible by the healthcare members. To administer the medication to a dying patient in severe pain would be acting morally ethical according to the principle of double effect. The action which would be administering the drug is considered to be a good action because it is relieving a persons pain and suffering. The intention of using the pain medication and administering it was to just relieve the pain of that person; the intention was not to harm or hasten death. Giving the medication to the patient achieves pain relief so that relief was brought about by mean of the good act not the bad effect of early death. Lastly the pain felt by most people that are dying is so severe that treating it is completely justifiable although a side effect could in fact produce an early death. If any of these criteria is violated then it can be considered as euthanasia or physician assisted suicide. Another question to be asked in this scenario is whether or not the action of giving pain medication is proportionate to the condition. In this case the condition is the severe amount of pain that the patient is feeling. There are two principles that are brought up here and they are the principle of proportionate and disproportionate means and the principle of ordinary and extraordinary means. These two principles are usually together and one is not usually applied without the other. These two principles are very important when making end of life decisions because they are about what is considered ethically acceptable when making end of life decisions and which ones are not according to Catholic ethics. These two principles generally refer to life sustaining actions by the health care staff but it can be expanded into what is considered proportionate or disproportionate interventions when caring for a patient that is dying and is in severe pain. In a situation in which a person is dying and is in severe pain, providing them with pain medication would not be considered disproportionate or extraordinary. Giving a person pain medication is not considered making a decision of whether or not that person should undergo or forgo a type of treatment. It is not making the decision of whether or not to sustain life. Providing the person in pain who is also dying is providing that person with a better quality of life for their end of life. The fact is, is that there has not been enough evidence to prove that administration of pain medication does promote an earlier death. It cannot be concluded that the giving of the persons medication and maintaining a persons pain by increasing the medication if needed does hasten death. There is no good or easy answer when tragedies occur. But to try and understand, we must step back and look at the big picture. God made everything perfect. When man sinned, that perfection was spoiled and our entire environment was tainted. The fact is we live in a world where evil abounds. It is rampant throughout every aspect of creation. We are subject to the actions of the people around us. God can and does intervene in some events, but why not others? Only he knows that answer, but the Bible teaches that there will be a time when he will end this world as we know it. In heaven, there will be no more death, sadness, pain, sickness, or suffering of any kind. One reason many of us suffer is because we do things that cause us pain. We dont eat right, so we have heart attacks. We drive carelessly or fast, so we have accidents. We smoke, so we get lung cancer. What about innocent children who are not responsible for their suffering? Why do they get sick? Maybe its because we do not live in a perfect world. God intended for us to have perfect bodies, perfect health, and freedom from pain and suffering. The world He created was originally perfect, just as he had planned it. But evil destroyed our perfect world. When sin entered the picture, it brought with it death, pain, and suffering. Dont misunderstand me, people do not suffer because of their own personal sins, necessarily; but because the world is changed because of sin being in the world. Jesus said, In this world, you will have tribulation. Just as in the case with Job, I believe that evil forces attack us and cause much suffering in an attempt to get people to blame God and turn away f rom Him. In order for God to preserve our rights as individuals (to choose for ourselves), he had to allow us the freedom to sin. He also had to allow the consequences of our behaviors. That means that he does not normally interfere with things which happen naturally in this world, such as sickness and disease caused by toxins in the environment, accidents as a result of risky behaviors, and natural disasters. God does not cause these natural consequences, but he does allow them. However, many times, he does intervene miraculously or work even in the worst of situations to bring about something good from them. Why would God allow anyone to suffer? Maybe so that people can increase their faith in him, increases their compassion for others, or be better able to encourage and help other hurting people (2 Corinthians 1:3-5). When reading through the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services, there is one important directive that particularly applies to this situation. Directive number 61 states that all patients should be kept as free from pain as possible. This again goes to say that people that are dying need to be able to die with their dignity intact. It also states that a dying person should not be denied pain medication even if the indirect action of shortening their life occurs. There is one stipulation that applies to this directive. If the medications being used cause sedation of any kind, the health care member has an obligation of informing the patient of the effect. â€Å"The dying person has the right to be able to prepare for their death while being completely conscious† (USCCB, 2005). If for any reason that person is not able to be conscious there has to be a legitimate medical reason behind the decision. Under treating has become a large ethical dilemma in the healthcare world. More often than not there are people that are living and dying in pain. The problem with this is that with the readily available drugs that are out there to treat this problem, they are not being utilized (Miller, 2009). One of the biggest problems that arises is the lack of education amongst the health care professionals. The insufficient knowledge base surrounding the different pain medications and the research surrounding the effects on death has not been incorporated into the plan of care. As stated above the principle of double effect creates a problem for the health care professionals. The belief in this principle prevents them from properly treating the patient who is dying and has a severe amount of pain. The dignity of the patient has to remain as the top priority when approaching death. Part of maintaining a persons dignity is allowing the patient to make the informed decision of receiving pain medication. Every person has the right to a peaceful and painless death. It is essential that patients are given the proper types of medication needed for the type of pain they might be experiencing. The type of pain most commonly referred to at the end of life is moderate to severe pain. This requires due diligence on all health care professionals side of it. If the medication that is prescribed is no longer providing effective pain relief then the drug needs to be titrated accordingly. If the medication being used is at its highest dosage amount, then the drug needs to be changed. If this is the case then the patient needs to be informed of the change and educated on the new drug. This again allows the patient to be able to make decisions in their care, and allows them the sense of belonging that is still needed at the time of death. When the pain is not being managed in a person that is dying it is taking away their ability to be able to have the calm, spiritual, and family and friend oriented passing that is usually needed amongst the dying. By administering pain medication the patient is then able to concentrate on more important aspects of their life. Health care professionals have the ability to be able to control pain and suffering. To allow someone to die in pain or suffer would be not only medically immoral but it woul